Abstract Abiotic (cold, drought, heavy metals, salinity, wounding) and biotic (plant parasite organisms) stressors frequently inhibit plant growth and development. One of the most harmful plant parasite organisms, phytopathogenic fungi, can cause severe diseases and major yield losses in crops. By physically strengthening their cell walls through lignification, suberization, and the production of various defense-related enzymes, plants protect themselves against fungi. The defense-related enzymes -1, 3-glucanase, chitinases, polyphenol oxidases (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and peroxidases (POX) are the main focus of the study.
Keywords plant pathogenic fungi, defense-related enzymes, plant defence.