Abstract Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that can be triggered in normal cells in response to endogenous and exogenous stresses, including telomere dysfunction, oncogene activation and persistent DNA damage. Therefore, the identification, characterization, and pharmacological elimination of senescent cells have gained attention in the field of aging research. Cellular senescence occurs in response to Senescent cell extrinsic activities related to the activation of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, amplify the impact of cell-intrinsic proliferative arrest and contribute to impaired tissue regeneration, chronic age-associated diseases and organismal ageing. This Review discusses the mechanisms and modulators of cellular senescence establishment and induction of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and provides an overview of cellular senescence as an emerging opportunity to intervene through senolytic and senomorphic therapies in ageing and ageing-associated diseases. Here, we describe the molecular marker of senescence phenotypes and they are used for identifying senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. We also highlight the importance that these levels of regulations have in the development of therapeutic targets.
Keywords Senescence, Cellular senescence, Ageing, Replicative senescence, Senescence Associated secretory phenotype (SASP).